The Carl-Gustaf M4 (CGM4), designated M3E1 by the U.S. Army, represents the latest evolution in Saab’s renowned line of man-portable, multi-role anti-tank weapon systems. Developed by Saab Bofors Dynamics, the M4 brings enhanced tactical flexibility, reduced weight, and future-ready compatibility to the modern battlefield. Since its public debut at the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) event in Washington, D.C. in October 2014, the Carl-Gustaf M4 has become a preferred solution for dismounted forces operating in complex and demanding environments.
Global Adoption and Operational Deployments
Following its introduction, the Carl-Gustaf M4 quickly gained traction among NATO and allied armed forces. Slovakia became the first customer to field the M4 in 2017, marking the start of a steady adoption curve. In 2018, Sweden’s Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) ordered the M4 for the Swedish Armed Forces, followed by acquisition programs in Australia, Slovenia, Latvia, and Estonia. In 2021, the Australian Defence Force commenced operational training with the system, while in 2022, Lithuania signed a procurement agreement for the M4 and its compatible munitions.
This widespread adoption underscores the M4’s appeal: a combat-proven, reusable recoilless rifle that delivers firepower, mobility, and interoperability.
Evolution of the Carl-Gustaf System
The Carl-Gustaf system has undergone several key design upgrades since its inception:
- Carl-Gustaf (M1): The original 84 mm recoilless rifle, introduced post-WWII.
- M2 (1964): Enhanced durability and simplified logistics over the first-generation model.
- M3 (1991): Major weight reduction was achieved through the use of aluminum alloys, plastics, and a carbon fiber outer sleeve, bringing the empty weapon weight down to approximately 10 kg.
The M4 is a culmination of this legacy, integrating operational feedback, modern materials, and digital compatibility to meet the needs of 21st-century infantry forces.
Design and Ergonomics
The Carl-Gustaf M4 is a direct improvement of the M3 platform, retaining the familiar launcher tube architecture while significantly enhancing ergonomics and user adaptability. Key design features include:
- Weight Reduction: Weighing under 7 kg and measuring less than 1,000 mm in length, the M4 is more compact and easier to handle than its predecessors. This is made possible through the incorporation of titanium components and advanced carbon fiber wrapping.
- Improved Ergonomics: An adjustable shoulder rest and front grip allow operators to tailor the weapon for optimal comfort and stability.
- Durability and Readiness: The system is engineered for rugged field conditions and can be carried loaded, enabling rapid response and fluid repositioning.
Each component has been scrutinized for weight and balance, culminating in a weapon system optimized for mobility-centric warfare.
Ammunition Compatibility and Firepower
A critical advantage of the CGM4 lies in its extensive ammunition compatibility. It supports the full suite of 84 mm rounds developed for previous Carl-Gustaf variants, including:
- HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank): Penetrates up to 400 mm of rolled homogeneous armor.
- Tandem HEAT Warheads: Penetrate up to 500 mm behind explosive reactive armor.
- Anti-Structure and Multi-Role Rounds: Effective against bunkers, buildings, and light armor.
- Support Rounds: Smoke, illumination, and area-denial munitions.
- Boosted Ammunition: Certain rounds include rocket-assisted propulsion, extending effective engagement ranges to 1,000 meters.
With a rate of fire up to 6 rounds per minute, the CGM4 ensures sustained, adaptable firepower in dynamic combat scenarios.
Sight Systems and Digital Integration
The Carl-Gustaf M4 is mounted with a Picatinny rail, enabling integration with a broad range of targeting optics—including thermal imaging sights and night vision systems. Notably, the system is designed to be compatible with intelligent fire control systems, which allow the shooter to:
- Interface with programmable ammunition.
- Adjust trajectories and detonation modes in real time.
- Maximize first-round hit probability under various environmental and tactical conditions.
This emphasis on future-proof digital integration makes the CGM4 a forward-leaning solution for modern militaries investing in networked battlefield systems.
Accessories and Operational Utility
The Carl-Gustaf M4 is operated by a two-person crew—gunner and loader—but can be effectively managed by a single operator in emergencies. Its key features include:
- Modular Accessories: Flash hiders, sling mounts, intelligent grips, and other optional components.
- Built-In Shot Counter: Tracks the number of fired rounds to aid in maintenance and lifecycle planning.
- Carry-Loaded Capability: Provides immediate readiness in fast-paced operational scenarios.
Designed to neutralize main battle tanks, light armored vehicles, fortified positions, and urban threats, the Carl-Gustaf M4 serves as a versatile force multiplier for infantry units engaged in both high-intensity and asymmetric warfare.
First-Hand Experience at ASDA 2025
At the Adriatic Sea Defense & Aerospace (ASDA) 2025 exhibition in Split, the Combat Operators editorial team had the opportunity to test and evaluate the Carl-Gustaf M4 simulator, offering a unique hands-on experience with the system’s capabilities. The advanced simulator allowed for realistic training scenarios, showcasing the M4’s intuitive handling, sight alignment, and firing mechanics. This interaction provided valuable insights into the training methodologies and operational potential of the system in real-world combat environments.
Technical specifications
| Feature | Specification |
|---|---|
| Caliber | 84 mm |
| Combat Weight | Less than 7 kg |
| System Length | 1,000 mm |
| Crew | 2-person team (gunner and loader) |
| Ammunition Types | HE (High-Explosive), HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank), ASM (Anti-Structure Munition), Smoke, Illuminating star shell, MT (Multi-Target), Practice rounds, Laser-guided projectiles |
| Target Types | Main battle tanks, armored vehicles, bunkers, fortified buildings |
| Rocket Weight | 3.1 to 4 kg |
| Armor Penetration | 400–500 mm of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) |
| Effective Engagement Range | 300 m to 1,000 m |
| Sighting Systems | Open (iron) sights, optical 3× with laser rangefinder, image intensifier, thermal-compatible |
Conclusion
The Carl-Gustaf M4 represents a strategic leap forward in anti-armor and multi-role infantry support weapons. Its lightweight design, robust ammunition options, and digital compatibility make it a standout choice for modern militaries seeking battlefield flexibility and long-term value. As global defense forces continue to adapt to hybrid threats and urban warfare, Saab’s CGM4 remains one of the most effective and trusted shoulder-fired weapon systems available today. This innovation follows Saab’s proven legacy in the anti-tank domain, exemplified by the Next generation Light Anti-tank Weapon (NLAW), which gained global attention for its decisive role in the early stages of the conflict in Ukraine—providing infantry units with a powerful, fire-and-forget capability against armored targets.
